♦ Objavenie Ameriky♦
Prví obyvatelia
K osídleniu kontinentu došlo počas doby ľadovej, keď bola v dôsledku zníženej hladiny svetového oceánuÁzia spojená s Amerikou. Migrujúca časť obyvateľov Ázie sa tak po súši dostala na územie Ameriky v priestore dnešného Beringovho prielivu. Po zvýšení hladiny a vytvorení prielivu zostali obyvatelia izolovaní a ponechaní na samovývoj. Obyvatelia Severnej Ameriky sa postupne rozširovali do južnejších častí svetadielu, pričom mali vlastnú kultúru a zvyky. Žili jednoduchým spôsobom života, lovili divú zver pre potravu a z ich koží vyrábali stany a odevy. Naučili sa vyrábať primitívne zbrane a zakladať oheň.
[upraviť]Prví objavitelia
V Európe sa od 7. storočia objavili potomkovia barbarských kmeňov, žijúcich na severe Európy, Vikingovia. Okrem toho, že to boli výborní obchodníci a bojovníci, patrili medzi najlepších moreplavcov tej doby. Stavali rýchle lode s nízkou čiarou ponoru, s ktorými podnikali výpravné cesty po Európe, no i na Island, či doGrónska. Známa je plavba Vikinga Bjorna Herjolfossona v roku 985, ktorého flotilu z pôvodného kurzu odklonil vietor a tá sa dostala na dohľad pobrežia Severnej Ameriky. Lode tam nezakotvili, ale vrátili sa do vikingskej osady v Grónsku, kde Bjorn rozprával o neznámej pevnine, ktorú pomenoval Vinland.
Leif Eriksson bol udalosťou tak zaujatý, že zorganizoval expedíciu na pobrežie neznámeho svetadielu. Dostal sa na dnešnýNewfoundland, kde vybudovali osadu, v ktorej sa na niekoľko týždňov utáborili. Dôkazom ich prítomnosti sú základy vikingského domu, ktoré objavili archeológovia v 60. rokoch 20. storočia. Niektorí historici predpokladajú, že ich vyhnali vtedajší obyvatelia Ameriky.
[upraviť]Čínske objavenie Ameriky
Existujú dohady o tom, či Číňania objavili Ameriku skôr ako Európania. V roku 2002 vydal dôstojník Britského kráľovského námorníctvaGavin Menzies knihu "1421: Rok, keď Čína objavila svet". V nej píše o služobníkovi mingskej dynastie Čeng Heiovi. Domnieva sa, že Čeng He sa vydal so svojou flotilou na cestu do Európy, pričom mu pomáhal kompas. Flotilu tvorilo pravdepodobne 208 lodí s asi 27 000 mužmi a s určitosťou sa vie, že sa dostal do Ázie i Afriky a preplával Tichý a Indický oceán. Za 28 rokov, čo bol námorníkom, zanechal užitočné mapy s hranicami svetadielov, hôr, riekami a mestami. Bol to pravdepodobne on, kto zakreslil hranice Ameriky, dosť podobné tým ozajstným.
[upraviť]Krištof Kolumbus a objavenie Ameriky
Po tom, ako bol Turkami obsadený Konštantínopol a známe cesty do Indie, hľadaloPortugalsko nové možnosti spojenia. Taliansky moreplavec Krištof Kolumbus chcel vtedy nájsť cestu do Indie cez Atlantik, pričom sa spoliehal na Kopernikovu teóriu o guľatosti Zeme. Na portugalskom dvore požiadal o podporu plavby do Indie cez Atlantik, avšak neuspel. Oslovil preto susednú námornú veľmoc Španielsko, kde po prvotných neúspechoch získal potrebnú podporu.
3. augusta 1492 sa vydal s loďami Santa Maria (najväčšia, vlajková loď), Pinta (menšia karavela) a Niña (najmenšia karavela) objaviť západnú cestu do Indie. 12. októbra sa dostal na ostrov San Salvador na Bahamách, odkiaľ pokračoval na Antilské ostrovy. Tento dátum sa dnes považuje za deň (znovu)objavenia Ameriky. 15. marca 1493 sa Kolumbus s posádkou vrátil do Španielska a až do konca svojho života si myslel, že sa dostal do Indie. Taliansky moreplavec Amerigo Vespucci si ako prvý uvedomil, že Kolumbus objavil nový kontinent, vďaka čomu bola Amerika pomenovaná podľa jeho mena. Španieli začali vytvárať na nových územiach svoje kolónie, k čomu sa v krátkom čase pridali i Portugalsko a Anglicko.
[upraviť]
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2023-24英超聯賽萬眾矚目,2023年8月12日開啟了第一場比賽,而接下來的賽事也正如火如荼地進行中。本文統整出英超賽程以及英超賽制等資訊,幫助你更加了解英超,同時也提供英超直播平台,讓你絕對不會錯過每一場精彩賽事。
英超是什麼?
英超是相當重要的足球賽事,以競爭激烈和精彩程度聞名
英超是相當重要的足球賽事,以競爭激烈和精彩程度聞名
英超全名為「英格蘭足球超級聯賽」,是足球賽事中最高級的足球聯賽之一,由英格蘭足球總會在1992年2月20日成立。英超是全世界最多人觀看的體育聯賽,因其英超隊伍全球知名度和競爭激烈而聞名,吸引來自世界各地的頂尖球星前來參賽。
英超聯賽(English Premier League,縮寫EPL)由英國最頂尖的20支足球俱樂部參加,賽季通常從8月一直持續到5月,以下帶你來了解英超賽制和其他更詳細的資訊。
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2023-24英超總共有20支隊伍參賽,以下是英超賽制介紹:
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