♦ Objavenie Ameriky♦
Prví obyvatelia
K osídleniu kontinentu došlo počas doby ľadovej, keď bola v dôsledku zníženej hladiny svetového oceánuÁzia spojená s Amerikou. Migrujúca časť obyvateľov Ázie sa tak po súši dostala na územie Ameriky v priestore dnešného Beringovho prielivu. Po zvýšení hladiny a vytvorení prielivu zostali obyvatelia izolovaní a ponechaní na samovývoj. Obyvatelia Severnej Ameriky sa postupne rozširovali do južnejších častí svetadielu, pričom mali vlastnú kultúru a zvyky. Žili jednoduchým spôsobom života, lovili divú zver pre potravu a z ich koží vyrábali stany a odevy. Naučili sa vyrábať primitívne zbrane a zakladať oheň.
[upraviť]Prví objavitelia
V Európe sa od 7. storočia objavili potomkovia barbarských kmeňov, žijúcich na severe Európy, Vikingovia. Okrem toho, že to boli výborní obchodníci a bojovníci, patrili medzi najlepších moreplavcov tej doby. Stavali rýchle lode s nízkou čiarou ponoru, s ktorými podnikali výpravné cesty po Európe, no i na Island, či doGrónska. Známa je plavba Vikinga Bjorna Herjolfossona v roku 985, ktorého flotilu z pôvodného kurzu odklonil vietor a tá sa dostala na dohľad pobrežia Severnej Ameriky. Lode tam nezakotvili, ale vrátili sa do vikingskej osady v Grónsku, kde Bjorn rozprával o neznámej pevnine, ktorú pomenoval Vinland.
Leif Eriksson bol udalosťou tak zaujatý, že zorganizoval expedíciu na pobrežie neznámeho svetadielu. Dostal sa na dnešnýNewfoundland, kde vybudovali osadu, v ktorej sa na niekoľko týždňov utáborili. Dôkazom ich prítomnosti sú základy vikingského domu, ktoré objavili archeológovia v 60. rokoch 20. storočia. Niektorí historici predpokladajú, že ich vyhnali vtedajší obyvatelia Ameriky.
[upraviť]Čínske objavenie Ameriky
Existujú dohady o tom, či Číňania objavili Ameriku skôr ako Európania. V roku 2002 vydal dôstojník Britského kráľovského námorníctvaGavin Menzies knihu "1421: Rok, keď Čína objavila svet". V nej píše o služobníkovi mingskej dynastie Čeng Heiovi. Domnieva sa, že Čeng He sa vydal so svojou flotilou na cestu do Európy, pričom mu pomáhal kompas. Flotilu tvorilo pravdepodobne 208 lodí s asi 27 000 mužmi a s určitosťou sa vie, že sa dostal do Ázie i Afriky a preplával Tichý a Indický oceán. Za 28 rokov, čo bol námorníkom, zanechal užitočné mapy s hranicami svetadielov, hôr, riekami a mestami. Bol to pravdepodobne on, kto zakreslil hranice Ameriky, dosť podobné tým ozajstným.
[upraviť]Krištof Kolumbus a objavenie Ameriky
Po tom, ako bol Turkami obsadený Konštantínopol a známe cesty do Indie, hľadaloPortugalsko nové možnosti spojenia. Taliansky moreplavec Krištof Kolumbus chcel vtedy nájsť cestu do Indie cez Atlantik, pričom sa spoliehal na Kopernikovu teóriu o guľatosti Zeme. Na portugalskom dvore požiadal o podporu plavby do Indie cez Atlantik, avšak neuspel. Oslovil preto susednú námornú veľmoc Španielsko, kde po prvotných neúspechoch získal potrebnú podporu.
3. augusta 1492 sa vydal s loďami Santa Maria (najväčšia, vlajková loď), Pinta (menšia karavela) a Niña (najmenšia karavela) objaviť západnú cestu do Indie. 12. októbra sa dostal na ostrov San Salvador na Bahamách, odkiaľ pokračoval na Antilské ostrovy. Tento dátum sa dnes považuje za deň (znovu)objavenia Ameriky. 15. marca 1493 sa Kolumbus s posádkou vrátil do Španielska a až do konca svojho života si myslel, že sa dostal do Indie. Taliansky moreplavec Amerigo Vespucci si ako prvý uvedomil, že Kolumbus objavil nový kontinent, vďaka čomu bola Amerika pomenovaná podľa jeho mena. Španieli začali vytvárať na nových územiach svoje kolónie, k čomu sa v krátkom čase pridali i Portugalsko a Anglicko.
[upraviť]
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